各種各樣的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)被(bei)(bei)裝備到現代汽車中，其中有許(xu)多系(xi)(xi)統(tong)直接(jie)影響(xiang)到汽車的(de)(de)可(ke)靠(kao)性和(he)乘客(ke)的(de)(de)安全性。反之，這(zhe)也意味(wei)著關鍵電(dian)(dian)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中使用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)元件必(bi)須(xu)非常可(ke)靠(kao)。電(dian)(dian)容被(bei)(bei)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)許(xu)多汽車電(dian)(dian)子(zi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，其質量、穩定性和(he)可(ke)靠(kao)性必(bi)須(xu)經過汽車制(zhi)造商(shang)的(de)(de)嚴格(ge)把關。
如果將鉭電容和氧(yang)化鈮電(dian)容(rong)與其(qi)它電(dian)容(rong)技(ji)術相比(bi)，我們可以(yi)發現許(xu)多顯著優勢。
與鋁電解電容相比
與鋁電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)不同的是(shi)，鉭電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)和(he)氧化(hua)鈮(ni)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)不存在干涸(he)效應，因此(ci)具有(you)更穩(wen)定的電(dian)(dian)氣參數(電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)、ESR、漏電(dian)(dian)流等)，這意味著它們的性(xing)能(neng)和(he)功能(neng)可以在長時(shi)間內保持一致和(he)可靠。
與多層(ceng)陶瓷(ci)芯片(pian)電容相(xiang)比
鉭電容和氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈮電(dian)(dian)(dian)容不存在(zai)(zai)任何壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應，壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應會在(zai)(zai)多層陶瓷電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(MLCC)中產生討厭的額外噪聲。鉭(tan)和氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈮器件的另(ling)一(yi)個優勢是在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)溫(wen)(wen)度和直流(liu)偏(pian)置范(fan)(fan)圍內具有更好的參數穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性。寬頻(pin)耦合(he)要求高端電(dian)(dian)(dian)容在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定(ding)(ding)溫(wen)(wen)度和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)范(fan)(fan)圍內保持(chi)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)。由于沒有壓(ya)(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應，電(dian)(dian)(dian)容值隨溫(wen)(wen)度變化(hua)(hua)較小，且與(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)無關，鉭(tan)或氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)鈮電(dian)(dian)(dian)容比MLCC更適合(he)用(yong)于耦合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)。
此外(wai)，AVX公司(si)的(de)(de)鉭(tan)電容和氧化鈮(OxiCap)電容是根據汽車質量標準(zhun)TS16949生產的(de)(de)，各(ge)系(xi)列(lie)電容完全滿足(zu)AEC-Q200技(ji)術要求(qiu)，是汽車應用的(de)(de)理想之選(xuan)。
AVX鉭電容和氧化鈮電容(rong)應用(yong)指南
為了在設計中(zhong)能正確使(shi)用(yong)(yong)鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)和(he)(he)氧(yang)化鈮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，我們(men)必須充分考慮(lv)(lv)目(mu)標電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和(he)(he)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)所有重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣和(he)(he)物理(li)條件。輸(shu)入參(can)數通常(chang)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可以(yi)根據(ju)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源線(xian)(xian)濾(lv)波比、最(zui)(zui)大壓(ya)(ya)降等(deng)計算(suan)出(chu)來(lai)。正確選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)考慮(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)(yi)個(ge)重(zhong)要(yao)參(can)數是(shi)(shi)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。推薦電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降額(e)(e)(e)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)一(yi)(yi)般規(gui)則很重(zhong)要(yao)，對所有鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)來(lai)說降低幅度(du)(du)為50%，氧(yang)化鈮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)是(shi)(shi)20%，這(zhe)(zhe)意味著鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)為額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)Vr的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)半(ban)，氧(yang)化鈮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)為其額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)80%。遵守(shou)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)規(gui)則很重(zhong)要(yao)，因為這(zhe)(zhe)樣做可以(yi)保護器(qi)件免受意外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)浪涌和(he)(he)過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)傷害，而這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況在汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)很可能發生。然而，用(yong)(yong)于主(zhu)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)降額(e)(e)(e)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與(yu)汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池線(xian)(xian)有很好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隔離(li)，在過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)時(shi)具(ju)有保護作用(yong)(yong)，并具(ju)有緩慢加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)式(shi)(軟啟動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路)，比如(ru)低功率DC/DC轉換器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)。在這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況下，允(yun)許(xu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)低至20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)降額(e)(e)(e)幅度(du)(du)。工(gong)作溫度(du)(du)范圍告訴我們(men)選(xuan)擇電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)時(shi)主(zhu)要(yao)考慮(lv)(lv)最(zui)(zui)大溫度(du)(du)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，但也要(yao)認(ren)識到，當高(gao)溫超(chao)過(guo)85℃時(shi)我們(men)必須使(shi)用(yong)(yong)額(e)(e)(e)外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)溫度(du)(du)降額(e)(e)(e)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。在實(shi)際溫度(du)(du)下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)允(yun)許(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)大直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)被稱(cheng)為類別電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(額(e)(e)(e)定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)只是(shi)(shi)在室溫25℃情(qing)況時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)其中(zhong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)類別電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi))。
如果(guo)正(zheng)常工(gong)作(zuo)溫度(du)(du)超過85℃，那(nei)么工(gong)作(zuo)降(jiang)(jiang)額與溫度(du)(du)降(jiang)(jiang)額應結合(he)起來考(kao)慮。例如，在(zai)可(ke)能出(chu)現浪涌和電(dian)壓尖(jian)峰的電(dian)路中最高工(gong)作(zuo)溫度(du)(du)達125℃的鉭電(dian)容：工(gong)作(zuo)降(jiang)(jiang)額為50%，即(ji)電(dian)壓最高為額定電(dian)壓Vr的50%，125℃時(最壞情況(kuang)下)的溫度(du)(du)降(jiang)(jiang)額為33%，即(ji)電(dian)壓最大值(zhi)是Vr的66%。兩者結合(he)后為0.5×0.66=0.33，這意味著鉭電(dian)容可(ke)以在(zai)最大為額定電(dian)壓Vr的33%的電(dian)壓下使用(針對最差工(gong)作(zuo)條件)。
要(yao)想避(bi)免(mian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)出(chu)現(xian)上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)啟(qi)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)過載，了解經過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的最大(da)(da)工(gong)作(zuo)浪涌(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(單峰)很重要(yao)。這(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)以根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以及與(yu)待(dai)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)串(chuan)連的所有器件(jian)的內部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(包(bao)括有效串(chuan)聯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻ESR)計算出(chu)來。工(gong)作(zuo)最大(da)(da)浪涌(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)應小于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的最大(da)(da)允許浪涌(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ipmax=(1.1×Vr)/(0.45+ESR)。在工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)太高的情(qing)況下可(ke)以采取更大(da)(da)的降額幅(fu)度，因此選擇的額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越(yue)高，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的最大(da)(da)浪涌(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)Ipmax也越(yue)大(da)(da)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)最大紋(wen)(wen)(wen)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流是(shi)流過電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)最大交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)流值，它(ta)有兩個(ge)主要的(de)參(can)數(shu)：有效(xiao)值(rms, ACIrms, Ir)和頻率f。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流受限于電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)ESR上的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流產生的(de)最大功(gong)(gong)耗Pd。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)越大，允許的(de)功(gong)(gong)耗也(ye)(ye)越大，每種體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)的(de)功(gong)(gong)耗是(shi)常(chang)數(shu)。ESR越小，功(gong)(gong)耗就(jiu)越小，允許的(de)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)越大。參(can)見一般(ban)公式Pd=ESR×Ir×Ir。對有較高要求的(de)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)波(bo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流來說，低ESR、大體(ti)(ti)(ti)積(ji)、可能多陽極的(de)結構(gou)是(shi)最佳選擇(ze)。
以(yi)上(shang)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)規則的(de)結合(he)可以(yi)幫助設(she)計(ji)師選(xuan)定(ding)具(ju)有(you)特定(ding)體(ti)積的(de)合(he)適(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，或將(jiang)體(ti)積放在標(biao)準(zhun)的(de)第一(yi)要素(su)，然后在設(she)計(ji)過程(cheng)中根據其它優先級列(lie)表進(jin)(jin)行(xing)適(shi)當調整。有(you)可能(neng)出現(xian)只有(you)一(yi)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容不能(neng)滿足應(ying)用(yong)(yong)需求(qiu)、因此需要同(tong)時(shi)使用(yong)(yong)多個器件的(de)情(qing)況，此時(shi)基本上(shang)只推(tui)薦相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容進(jin)(jin)行(xing)整合(he)。并行(xing)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)可以(yi)增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容值(zhi)(zhi)(乘法)和降低ESR(除法)，而串行(xing)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)可以(yi)增加總(zong)的(de)允許直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值(zhi)(zhi)(額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓相(xiang)乘)，但會降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容容量(除法)和增加ESR(乘法)。對于串行(xing)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)而言，推(tui)薦用(yong)(yong)分壓器并行(xing)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容，此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻值(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)根據10倍的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容直(zhi)流(liu)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(類別值(zhi)(zhi))進(jin)(jin)行(xing)計(ji)算(suan)。
汽車應用中的鉭電容
標準可靠性電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)，比如AVX的(de)(de)TAJ/TPS(1%/1000小(xiao)時)，非(fei)常適合一般汽車系統使(shi)用(yong)。TAJ器件提供標準的(de)(de)ESR性能：需要更低ESR值的(de)(de)設計(ji)師(shi)應(ying)選用(yong)TPS器件。這些電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)容(rong)量最高(gao)可達2200μF，最高(gao)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)50V，工作溫度范圍為(wei)-55℃至125℃。低ESR的(de)(de)TPS系列(lie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)非(fei)常適合要求能量脈沖的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)使(shi)用(yong)，以便(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)支持負載處的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源。圖A顯示(shi)了用(yong)于設置(zhi)座位位置(zhi)的(de)(de)步進電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)橋(qiao)接電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)放(fang)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)旁(pang)邊，有助于向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)提供電(dian)(dian)(dian)流脈沖。
開關模式(shi)電(dian)源(SMPS)電(dian)路在主輸(shu)出電(dian)容位置也要(yao)求使(shi)用低ESR電(dian)容。汽車中使(shi)用的幾(ji)乎所有電(dian)子部件都適應電(dian)源輸(shu)入端(duan)的DC/DC電(dian)源，而且大部分是SMPS，這(zhe)要(yao)歸功于(yu)它們(men)(men)的高能效值。SMPS中使(shi)用的TPS或TPM(多(duo)陽極結構)電(dian)容有助于(yu)提(ti)高效率和降低(欠載時的)輸(shu)出紋波電(dian)壓，因為它們(men)(men)具有較(jiao)低的ESR。
AVX公司(si)開發的(de)(de)(de)TRJ專業鉭電(dian)容(rong)系(xi)列(lie)產品適合(he)在電(dian)氣和機械壓力(li)下要求(qiu)有較高性(xing)能表現的(de)(de)(de)嚴酷環(huan)境下使(shi)用(yong)，經過一系(xi)列(lie)技(ji)術改(gai)造(zao)進(jin)一步增強(qiang)了電(dian)容(rong)結構(gou)，使(shi)得這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)容(rong)在這(zhe)些環(huan)境下具有更強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)魯(lu)棒性(xing)能。
在(zai)標準可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性的(de)(de)TAJ/TPS和(he)TRJ產品之間存(cun)在(zai)幾(ji)點主(zhu)要區別，正是這些(xie)不同(tong)之處增強了可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性(0.5%/1000小(xiao)時(shi))：使(shi)用了經試驗證明(ming)效果良好(hao)的(de)(de)鉭粉，能確保電氣(qi)性能的(de)(de)長期可(ke)(ke)靠(kao)性。在(zai)設計(ji)和(he)制(zhi)造過程(cheng)中遵(zun)循保守的(de)(de)設計(ji)規則(ze)。采取了非常(chang)嚴格的(de)(de)質量控(kong)制(zhi)和(he)額(e)外測(ce)試措施。100%嚴格的(de)(de)浪涌(yong)電流篩選以及擴展電氣(qi)測(ce)試和(he)加(jia)速燒(shao)入(ru)工藝的(de)(de)使(shi)用使(shi)得這些(xie)電容達(da)到(dao)(dao)并驗證了高(gao)魯(lu)棒性。漏電流減少(shao)到(dao)(dao)標準鉭規格的(de)(de)75%，這在(zai)胎壓監視系統等(deng)電池應用中具有很大的(de)(de)優勢。
TRJ系(xi)(xi)列(lie)電(dian)容(rong)的(de)增強性(xing)能(neng)對汽車電(dian)子(zi)設備的(de)高可(ke)靠(kao)性(xing)電(dian)路來說極具價值(zhi)，這些電(dian)路包括ABS和(he)ESP系(xi)(xi)統、氣囊(nang)控制系(xi)(xi)統或通信(xin)總線(xian)等(圖C)。今(jin)天的(de)汽車使用(yong)(yong)越來越多的(de)電(dian)子(zi)裝(zhuang)置以便解決(jue)空間受限問題，并消(xiao)除互(hu)連電(dian)纜造成的(de)重量(liang)。使用(yong)(yong)具有較少線(xian)纜并且在(zai)任何工作(zuo)條件下都(dou)可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)通信(xin)總線(xian)是一種顯而易見(jian)的(de)方案。圖C給出了TRJ電(dian)容(rong)在(zai)總線(xian)驅動器(qi)中(zhong)的(de)使用(yong)(yong)情況，由于能(neng)夠很好地支持發(fa)送放大器(qi)，TRJ電(dian)容(rong)能(neng)加快數字響應速度。
標(biao)準鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作溫(wen)度(du)(du)范圍通(tong)常(chang)是-55℃至(zhi)(zhi)+125℃，因而限制了這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)只能(neng)用(yong)于車內娛(yu)樂環境(jing)(jing)和其它較低(di)溫(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)。一些制造商(shang)專門推出車用(yong)系(xi)列(lie)產(chan)品，將鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)擴展(zhan)應(ying)用(yong)到(dao)(dao)了發(fa)動機艙系(xi)統(圖(tu)(tu)2，圖(tu)(tu)3)，這(zhe)種(zhong)環境(jing)(jing)要求連(lian)續工(gong)作溫(wen)度(du)(du)最(zui)高(gao)為(wei)(wei)150℃。然而，汽(qi)車行(xing)業要求元件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)工(gong)作溫(wen)度(du)(du)能(neng)達到(dao)(dao)175℃。AVX的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)THJ系(xi)列(lie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)能(neng)夠滿足這(zhe)個要求，這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作范圍是-55℃至(zhi)(zhi)+175℃。類別電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，即考慮了實際工(gong)作溫(wen)度(du)(du)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)大工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，是175℃時(shi)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一半。THJ系(xi)列(lie)鉭(tan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)還能(neng)夠提供更強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可靠性(故障率(lv)為(wei)(wei)0.5%/1000小時(shi))，并(bing)且(qie)在(zai)125℃時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)類別電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)78%)也比標(biao)準器件(jian)(一般僅為(wei)(wei)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓Vr的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)66%)高(gao)。THJ電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)最(zui)大容(rong)(rong)(rong)量為(wei)(wei)150μF，最(zui)高(gao)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)50V。
汽(qi)車(che)應用中的OxiCap氧化(hua)鈮電容
NOJ和NOS低ESR值氧(yang)化(hua)鈮電容使(shi)用(yong)氧(yang)化(hua)鈮粉(fen)作為陽極(ji)的(de)主要材(cai)料。與鉭(tan)或(huo)鈮粉(fen)等純金屬材(cai)料相比(bi)，氧(yang)化(hua)鈮具有高得多的(de)點(dian)火能量(200次)和低得多的(de)燃燒速率。這(zhe)個特(te)性(xing)意味(wei)著氧(yang)化(hua)鈮電容不會高至(zhi)類別電壓。如果電路處于電壓尖(jian)峰或(huo)大電流沖擊(ji)等過載狀(zhuang)態(tai)，那么另一種(zhong)典(dian)型的(de)故障模式就(jiu)是高阻(通常是20到(dao)200 kΩ)。這(zhe)種(zhong)過載將導致漏(lou)電流增加和電容值減小。而氧(yang)化(hua)鈮電容即使(shi)受到(dao)浪涌沖擊(ji)也(ye)能繼續(xu)提供全部的(de)容量和功能，其代價是功耗有所增加。
NOJ氧化(hua)鈮(ni)系(xi)列(lie)電(dian)(dian)容具有(you)非常(chang)高的(de)可靠性(故障(zhang)率為(wei)0.5%/1000小(xiao)時)，而低ESR值的(de)NOS器件(jian)具有(you)更(geng)低的(de)失效率(0.2%/1000小(xiao)時)，甚至比鉭電(dian)(dian)容更(geng)可靠。這些電(dian)(dian)容適合軌電(dian)(dian)壓最高為(wei)8V的(de)應用，如車內娛樂系(xi)統(tong)、座位調(diao)整模塊、氣囊控制等。另外，氧化(hua)鈮(ni)器件(jian)可以提供無噪(zao)聲(sheng)性能，并且具有(you)非常(chang)好的(de)溫度穩定性，這是(shi)高品質(zhi)聲(sheng)音的(de)首選特性，對汽車音響(xiang)設備(bei)來(lai)說也是(shi)一大優勢。
我們可以在音頻(pin)電路的(de)(de)(de)信號路徑中的(de)(de)(de)兩個關鍵位置使(shi)用(yong)(yong)氧(yang)化鈮電容(rong)(rong)。首先是(shi)輸(shu)入耦合電容(rong)(rong)，該(gai)處(chu)(chu)通常(chang)連(lian)(lian)接著(zhu)一(yi)個音頻(pin)級的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)阻(zu)抗(kang)輸(shu)出和另一(yi)個音頻(pin)級的(de)(de)(de)高阻(zu)抗(kang)輸(shu)入。一(yi)般此處(chu)(chu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)低(di)(di)至1～10μF的(de)(de)(de)電容(rong)(rong)。第二個地方是(shi)輸(shu)出耦合電容(rong)(rong)，該(gai)處(chu)(chu)通常(chang)是(shi)將放(fang)大器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)低(di)(di)阻(zu)抗(kang)輸(shu)出通過隔直(zhi)電容(rong)(rong)連(lian)(lian)接到(dao)輸(shu)出電聲變換器(qi)，如耳機或揚(yang)聲器(qi)。這(zhe)種應用(yong)(yong)要(yao)求使(shi)用(yong)(yong)大得多的(de)(de)(de)電容(rong)(rong)：數百(bai)到(dao)數千μF。
總之(zhi)，鉭電(dian)容和氧化鈮電(dian)容非常適合所有(you)現代汽車電(dian)子系(xi)統(tong)使用，不(bu)管這些系(xi)統(tong)的要求(qiu)是(shi)更高(gao)的可靠性、更寬的溫度(du)范圍還是(shi)更低的漏電(dian)流。
